Learn how growth patterns in tooth enamel and residues trapped in dental plaque were used to reconstruct childhood development and adult diets in an Iron Age Italian community.
When President John F. Kennedy stood before Congress in May 1961 and declared that the United States would land a man on the moon before the decade’s end, his purpose was not to invent the space program, but to impose a clear objective, a deadline and the resources to unify these efforts. The success of […]
If you stayed in a hotel last night, there’s a good chance you saw that familiar placard in the bathroom: “Help save the planet — hang your towel and we won’t wash it.” At a recent panel, I asked the audience how many had seen that sign. Most hands went up. Then I asked them […]
Physicists at the University of Stuttgart, Germany have teleported a quantum state between photons generated by two different semiconductor quantum dot light sources located several metres apart. Though the distance involved in this proof-of-principle “quantum repeater” experiment is small, members of the team describe the feat as a prerequisite for future long-distance quantum communications networks.
“Our result is particularly exciting because such a quantum Internet will encompass these types of distant quantum nodes and will require quantum states that are transmitted among these different nodes,” explains Tim Strobel, a PhD student at Stuttgart’s Institute of Semiconductor Optics and Functional Interfaces (IHFG) and the lead author of a paper describing the research. “It is therefore an important step in showing that remote sources can be effectively interfaced in this way in quantum teleportation experiments.”
In the Stuttgart study, one of the quantum dots generates a single photon while the other produces a pair of photons that are entangled – meaning that the quantum state of one photon is closely linked to the state of the other, no matter how far apart they are. One of the photons in the entangled pair then travels to the other quantum dot and interferes with the photon there. This process produces a superposition that allows the information encapsulated in the single photon to be transferred to the distant “partner” photon from the pair.
Quantum frequency converters
Strobel says the most challenging part of the experiment was making photons from two remote quantum dots interfere with each other. Such interference is only possible if the two particles are indistinguishable, meaning they must be similar in every regard, be it in their temporal shape, spatial shape or wavelength. In contrast, each quantum dot is unique, especially in terms of its spectral properties, and each one emits photons at slightly different wavelengths.
To close the gap, the team used devices called quantum frequency converters to precisely tune the wavelength of the photons and match them spectrally. The researchers also used the converters to shift the original wavelengths of the photons emitted from the quantum dots (around 780 nm) to a wavelength commonly used in telecommunications (1515 nm) without altering the quantum state of the photons. This offers further advantages: “Being at telecommunication wavelengths makes the technology compatible with the existing global optical fibre network, an important step towards real-life applications,” Strobel tells Physics World.
Proof-of-principle experiment
In this work, the quantum dots were separated by an optical fibre just 10 m in length. However, the researchers aim to push this to considerably greater distances in the future. Strobel notes that the Stuttgart study was published in Nature Communications back-to-back with an independent work carried out by researchers led by Rinaldo Trotta of Sapienza University in Rome, Italy. The Rome-based group demonstrated quantum state teleportation across the Sapienza University campus at shorter wavelengths, enabled by the brightness of their quantum-dot source.
“These two papers that we published independently strengthen the measurement outcomes, demonstrating the maturity of quantum dot light sources in this domain,” Strobel says. Semiconducting quantum dots are particularly attractive for this application, he adds, because as well as producing both single and entangled photons on demand, they are also compatible with other semiconductor technologies.
Fundamental research pays off
Simone Luca Portalupi, who leads the quantum optics group at IHFG, notes that “several years of fundamental research and semiconductor technology are converging into these quantum teleportation experiments”. For Peter Michler, who led the study team, the next step is to leverage these advances to bring quantum-dot-based teleportation technology out of a controlled laboratory environment and into the real world.
Strobel points out that there is already some precedent for this, as one of the group’s previous studies showed that they could maintain photon entanglement across a 36-km fibre link deployed across the city of Stuttgart. “The natural next step would be to show that we can teleport the state of a photon across this deployed fibre link,” he says. “Our results will stimulate us to improve each building block of the experiment, from the sample to the setup.”
SpaceX’s 2026 IPO plans were an early Christmas present for space investors who were already bullish about the year ahead. The move helps push the industry further into the mainstream investment and public consciousness. It also paves the way for others to go public in a capital-intensive business. Despite ongoing financial uncertainty, demand for sovereign […]
The global security environment is becoming more volatile, not less. The war in Ukraine grinds on. China is increasingly assertive in the Indo-Pacific. The Middle East remains unstable. North Korea continues to test missiles and challenge regional stability. Together, these dynamics are straining the international system in ways not seen since the early Cold War. […]
This episode of the Physics World Weekly podcast features a conversation with Tim Prior and John Devaney of the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), which is the UK’s national metrology institute.
Prior is NPL’s quantum programme manager and Devaney is its quantum standards manager. They talk about NPL’s central role in the recent launch of NMI-Q, which brings together some of the world’s leading national metrology institutes to accelerate the development and adoption of quantum technologies.
Prior and Devaney describe the challenges and opportunities of developing metrology and standards for rapidly evolving technologies including quantum sensors, quantum computing and quantum cryptography. They talk about the importance of NPL’s collaborations with industry and academia and explore the diverse career opportunities for physicists at NPL. Prior and Devaney also talk about their own careers and share their enthusiasm for working in the cutting-edge and fast-paced field of quantum metrology.
This podcast is sponsored by the National Physical Laboratory.
Carbon nanotube arrays are designed to investigate the behaviour of electrons in low‑dimensional systems. By arranging well‑aligned 1D nanotubes into a 2D film, the researchers create a coupled‑wire structure that allows them to study how electrons move and interact as the system transitions between different dimensionalities. Using a gate electrode positioned on top of the array, the researchers were able to tune both the carrier density (number of electrons and holes in a unit area) and the strength of electron–electron interactions, enabling controlled access to regimes. The nanotubes behave as weakly coupled 1D channels where electrons move along each nanotube, as a 2D Fermi liquid where the electrons can move between nanotubes behaving like a conventional metal, or as a set of quantum‑dot‑like islands showing Coulomb blockade where at low carrier densities sections of the nanotubes become isolated.
The dimensional transitions are set by two key temperatures: T₂D, where electrons begin to hop between neighbouring nanotubes, and T₁D, where the system behaves as a Luttinger liquid which is a 1D state in which electrons cannot easily pass each other and therefore move in a strongly correlated, collective way. Changing the number of holes in the nanotubes changes how strongly the tubes interact with each other. This controls when the system stops acting like separate 1D wires and when strong interactions make parts of the film break up into isolated regions that show Coulomb blockade.
The researchers built a phase diagram by looking at how the conductance changes with temperature and voltage, and by checking how well it follows power‑law behaviour at different energy ranges. This approach allows them to identify the boundaries between Tomonaga–Luttinger liquid, Fermi liquid and Coulomb blockade phases across a wide range of gate voltages and temperatures.
Overall, the work demonstrates a continuous crossover between 2D, 1D and 0D electronic behaviour in a controllable nanotube array. This provides an experimentally accessible platform for studying correlated low‑dimensional physics and offers insights relevant to the development of nanoscale electronic devices and future carbon nanotube technologies.
The CMS Collaboration investigated in detail events in which a top quark and an anti‑top quark are produced together in high‑energy proton–proton collisions at √s = 13 TeV, using the full 138 fb⁻¹ dataset collected between 2016 and 2018. The top quark is the heaviest fundamental particle and decays almost immediately after being produced in high-energy collisions. As a consequence, the formation of a bound top–antitop state was long considered highly unlikely and had never been observed. The anti-top quark has the same mass and lifetime as the top quark but opposite charges. When a top quark and an anti-top quark are produced together, they form a top-antitop pair (tt̄).
Focusing on events with two charged leptons (top quarks and anti-top quarks decay into two electrons, two muons or one electron and one muon) and multiple jets (sprays of particles associated with top quark decay), the analysis examines the invariant mass of the top–antitop system along with two angular observables that directly probe how the spins of the top and anti‑top quarks are correlated. These measurements allow the team to compare the data with the prediction for the non resonant tt̄ production based on fixed order perturbative quantum chromodynamics (QCD), which is what physicists normally use to calculate how quarks behave according to the standard model of particle physics.
Near the kinematic threshold where the top–antitop pair is produced, CMS observes a significant excess of events relative to the QCD prediction. The number of extra events they see can be translated into a production rate. Using a simplified model based on non‑relativistic QCD, they estimate that this excess corresponds to a cross section of about 8.8 picobarns, with an uncertainty of roughly +1.2/–1.4 picobarns. The pattern of the excess, including its spin‑correlation features, is consistent with the production of a colour singlet pseudoscalar (a top–antitop pair in the 1S₀ state, i.e. the simplest, lowest energy configuration), and therefore with the prediction of non-relativistic QCD near the tt̄ threshold. The statistical significance of the excess exceeds five standard deviations, indicating that the effect is unlikely to be a statistical fluctuation. Researchers want to find a toponium‑like state because it would reveal how the strongest force in nature behaves at the highest energies, test key theories of heavy‑quark physics, and potentially expose new physics beyond the Standard Model.
The researchers emphasise that modelling the tt̄ threshold region is theoretically challenging, and that alternative explanations remain possible. Nonetheless, the result aligns with long‑standing predictions from non‑relativistic QCD that heavy quarks could form short‑lived bound states near threshold. The analysis also showcases spin correlation as an effective means to discover and characterise such effects, which were previously considered to be beyond the reach of experimental capabilities. Starting with the confirmation by the ATLAS Collaboration last July, this observation has sparked and continues to inspire follow-up theoretical follow-up theoretical and experimental works, opening up a new field of study involving bound states of heavy quarks and providing new insight into the behaviour of the strong force at high energies.
The 2026 SPIE Photonics West meeting takes place in San Francisco, California, from 17 to 22 January. The premier event for photonics research and technology, Photonics West incorporates more than 100 technical conferences covering topics including lasers, biomedical optics, optoelectronics, quantum technologies and more.
As well as the conferences, Photonics West also offers 60 technical courses and a new Career Hub with a co-located job fair. There are also five world-class exhibitions featuring over 1500 companies and incorporating industry-focused presentations, product launches and live demonstrations. The first of these is the BiOS Expo, which begins on 17 January and examines the latest breakthroughs in biomedical optics and biophotonics technologies.
Then starting on 20 January, the main Photonics West Exhibition will host more than 1200 companies and showcase the latest innovative optics and photonics devices, components, systems and services. Alongside, the Quantum West Expo features the best in quantum-enabling technology advances, the AR | VR | MR Expo brings together leading companies in XR hardware and systems and – new for 2026 – the Vision Tech Expo highlights cutting-edge vision, sensing and imaging technologies.
Here are some of the product innovations on show at this year’s event.
Enabling high-performance photonics assembly with SmarAct
As photonics applications increasingly require systems with high complexity and integration density, manufacturers face a common challenge: how to assemble, align and test optical components with nanometre precision – quickly, reliably and at scale. At Photonics West, SmarAct presents a comprehensive technology portfolio addressing exactly these demands, spanning optical assembly, fast photonics alignment, precision motion and advanced metrology.
Rapid and reliable SmarAct’s technology portfolio enables assembly, alignment and testing of optical components with nanometre precision. (Courtesy: SmarAct)
A central highlight is SmarAct’s Optical Assembly Solution, presented together with a preview of a powerful new software platform planned for release in late-Q1 2026. This software tool is designed to provide exceptional flexibility for implementing automation routines and process workflows into user-specific control applications, laying the foundation for scalable and future-proof photonics solutions.
For high-throughput applications, SmarAct showcases its Fast Photonics Alignment capabilities. By combining high-dynamic motion systems with real-time feedback and controller-based algorithms, SmarAct enables rapid scanning and active alignment of PICs and optical components such as fibres, fibre array units, lenses, beam splitters and more. These solutions significantly reduce alignment time while maintaining sub-micrometre accuracy, making them ideal for demanding photonics packaging and assembly tasks.
Both the Optical Assembly Solution and Fast Photonics Alignment are powered by SmarAct’s electromagnetic (EM) positioning axes, which form the dynamic backbone of these systems. The direct-drive EM axes combine high speed, high force and exceptional long-term durability, enabling fast scanning, smooth motion and stable positioning even under demanding duty cycles. Their vibration-free operation and robustness make them ideally suited for high-throughput optical assembly and alignment tasks in both laboratory and industrial environments.
Precision feedback is provided by SmarAct’s advanced METIRIO optical encoder family, designed to deliver high-resolution position feedback for demanding photonics and semiconductor applications. The METIRIO stands out by offering sub-nanometre position feedback in an exceptionally compact and easy-to-integrate form factor. Compatible with linear, rotary and goniometric motion systems – and available in vacuum-compatible designs – the METIRIO is ideally suited for space-constrained photonics setups, semiconductor manufacturing, nanopositioning and scientific instrumentation.
For applications requiring ultimate measurement performance, SmarAct presents the PICOSCALE Interferometer and Vibrometer. These systems provide picometre-level displacement and vibration measurements directly at the point of interest, enabling precise motion tracking, dynamic alignment, and detailed characterization of optical and optoelectronic components. When combined with SmarAct’s precision stages, they form a powerful closed-loop solution for high-yield photonics testing and inspection.
Together, SmarAct’s motion, metrology and automation solutions form a unified platform for next-generation photonics assembly and alignment.
Visit SmarAct at booth #3438 at Photonics West and booth #8438 at BiOS to discover how these technologies can accelerate your photonics workflows.
Avantes previews AvaSoftX software platform and new broadband light source
Photonics West 2026 will see Avantes present the first live demonstration of its completely redesigned software platform, AvaSoftX, together with a sneak peek of its new broadband light source, the AvaLight-DH-BAL. The company will also run a series of application-focused live demonstrations, highlighting recent developments in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), thin-film characterization and biomedical spectroscopy.
AvaSoftX is developed to streamline the path from raw spectra to usable results. The new software platform offers preloaded applications tailored to specific measurement techniques and types, such as irradiance, LIBS, chemometry and Raman. Each application presents the controls and visualizations needed for that workflow, reducing time and the risk of user error.
Streamlined solution The new AvaSoftX software platform offers next-generation control and data handling. (Courtesy: Avantes)
Smart wizards guide users step-by-step through the setup of a measurement – from instrument configuration and referencing to data acquisition and evaluation. For more advanced users, AvaSoftX supports customization with scripting and user-defined libraries, enabling the creation of reusable methods and application-specific data handling. The platform also includes integrated instruction videos and online manuals to support the users directly on the platform.
The software features an accessible dark interface optimized for extended use in laboratory and production environments. Improved LIBS functionality will be highlighted through a live demonstration that combines AvaSoftX with the latest Avantes spectrometers and light sources.
Also making its public debut is the AvaLight-DH-BAL, a new and improved deuterium–halogen broadband light source designed to replace the current DH product line. The system delivers continuous broadband output from 215 to 2500 nm and combines a more powerful halogen lamp with a reworked deuterium section for improved optical performance and stability.
A switchable deuterium and halogen optical path is combined with deuterium peak suppression to improve dynamic range and spectral balance. The source is built into a newly developed, more robust housing to improve mechanical and thermal stability. Updated electronics support adjustable halogen output, a built-in filter holder, and both front-panel and remote-controlled shutter operation.
The AvaLight-DH-BAL is intended for applications requiring stable, high-output broadband illumination, including UV–VIS–NIR absorbance spectroscopy, materials research and thin-film analysis. The official launch date for the light source, as well as the software, will be shared in the near future.
Avantes will also run a series of live application demonstrations. These include a LIBS setup for rapid elemental analysis, a thin-film measurement system for optical coating characterization, and a biomedical spectroscopy demonstration focusing on real-time measurement and analysis. Each demo will be operated using the latest Avantes hardware and controlled through AvaSoftX, allowing visitors to assess overall system performance and workflow integration. Avantes’ engineering team will be available throughout the event.
For product previews, live demonstrations and more, meet Avantes at booth #1157.
HydraHarp 500: high-performance time tagger redefines precision and scalability
One year after its successful market introduction, the HydraHarp 500 continues to be a standout highlight at PicoQuant’s booth at Photonics West. Designed to meet the growing demands of advanced photonics and quantum optics, the HydraHarp 500 sets benchmarks in timing performance, scalability and flexible interfacing.
At its core, the HydraHarp 500 delivers exceptional timing precision combined with ultrashort jitter and dead time, enabling reliable photon timing measurements even at very high count rates. With support for up to 16 fully independent input channels plus a common sync channel, the system allows true simultaneous multichannel data acquisition without cross-channel dead time, making it ideal for complex correlation experiments and high-throughput applications.
At the forefront of photon timing The high-resolution multichannel time tagger HydraHarp 500 offers picosecond timing precision. It combines versatile trigger methods with multiple interfaces, making it ideally suited for demanding applications that require many input channels and high data throughput. (Courtesy: PicoQuant)
A key strength of the HydraHarp 500 is its high flexibility in detector integration. Multiple trigger methods support a wide range of detector technologies, from single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) to superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs). Versatile interfaces, including USB 3.0 and a dedicated FPGA interface, ensure seamless data transfer and easy integration into existing experimental setups. For distributed and synchronized systems, White Rabbit compatibility enables precise cross-device timing coordination.
Engineered for speed and efficiency, the HydraHarp 500 combines ultrashort per-channel dead time with industry-leading timing performance, ensuring complete datasets and excellent statistical accuracy even under demanding experimental conditions.
Looking ahead, PicoQuant is preparing to expand the HydraHarp family with the upcoming HydraHarp 500 L. This new variant will set new standards for data throughput and scalability. With outstanding timing resolution, excellent timing precision and up to 64 flexible channels, the HydraHarp 500 L is engineered for highest-throughput applications powered – for the first time – by USB 3.2 Gen 2×2, making it ideal for rapid, large-volume data acquisition.
With the HydraHarp 500 and the forthcoming HydraHarp 500 L, PicoQuant continues to redefine what is possible in photon timing, delivering precision, scalability and flexibility for today’s and tomorrow’s photonics research. For more information, visit www.picoquant.com or contact us at info@picoquant.com.
Meet PicoQuant at BiOS booth #8511 and Photonics West booth #3511.
From civil science and exploration missions to national security, there are many space activities to look forward to in 2026. There will be at least three missions heading to the moon, Vast’s Haven-1 is scheduled to launch as the first prospective commercial low Earth orbit (LEO) destination. But perhaps more importantly, there will be a […]
“It’s hard to say when exactly sending people to Mars became a goal for humanity,” ponders author Scott Solomon in his new book Becoming Martian: How Living in Space Will Change Our Bodies and Minds – and I think we’d all agree. Ten years ago, I’m not sure any of us thought even returning to the Moon was seriously on the cards. Yet here we are, suddenly living in a second space age, where the first people to purchase one-way tickets to the Red Planet have likely already been born.
The technology required to ship humans to Mars, and the infrastructure required to keep them alive, is well constrained, at least in theory. One could write thousands of words discussing the technical details of reusable rocket boosters and underground architectures. However, Becoming Martian is not that book. Instead, it deals with the effect Martian life will have on the human body – both in the short term across a single lifetime; and in the long term, on evolutionary timescales.
This book’s strength lies in its authorship: it is not written by a physicist enthralled by the engineering challenge of Mars, nor by an astronomer predisposed to romanticizing space exploration. Instead, Solomon is a research biologist who teaches ecology, evolutionary biology and scientific communication at Rice University in Houston, Texas.
Becoming Martian starts with a whirlwind, stripped-down tour of Mars across mythology, astronomy, culture and modern exploration. This effectively sets out the core issue: Mars is fundamentally different from Earth, and life there is going to be very difficult. Solomon goes on to describe the effects of space travel and microgravity on humans that we know of so far: anaemia, muscle wastage, bone density loss and increased radiation exposure, to name just a few.
Where the book really excels, though, is when Solomon uses his understanding of evolutionary processes to extend these findings and conclude how Martian life would be different. For example, childbirth becomes a very risky business on a planet with about one-third of Earth’s gravity. The loss of bone density translates into increased pelvic fractures, and the muscle wastage into an inability for the uterus to contract strongly enough. The result? All Martian births will likely need to be C-sections.
Solomon applies his expertise to the whole human body, including our “entourage” of micro-organisms. The indoor life of a Martian is likely to affect the immune system to the degree that contact with an Earthling would be immensely risky. “More than any other factor, the risk of disease transmission may be the wedge that drives the separation between people on the two planets,” he writes. “It will, perhaps inevitably, cause the people on Mars to truly become Martians.” Since many diseases are harboured or spread by animals, there is a compelling argument that Martians would be vegan and – a dealbreaker for some I imagine – unable to have any pets. So no dogs, no cats, no steak and chips on Mars.
Let’s get physical
The most fascinating part of the book for me is how Solomon repeatedly links the biological and psychological research with the more technical aspects of designing a mission to Mars. For example, the first exploratory teams should have odd numbers, to make decisions easier and us-versus-them rifts less likely. The first colonies will also need to number between 10,000 and 11,000 individuals to ensure enough genetic diversity to protect against evolutionary concepts such as genetic drift and population crashes.
Amusingly, the one part of human activity most important for a sustainable colony – procreation – is the most understudied. When a NASA scientist made the suggestion a colony would need private spaces with soundproof walls, the backlash was so severe that NASA had to reassure Congress that taxpayer dollars were not being “wasted” encouraging sexual activity among astronauts.
Solomon’s writing is concise yet extraordinarily thorough – there is always just enough for you to feel you can understand the importance and nuance of topics ranging from Apollo-era health studies to evolution, and from AI to genetic engineering. The book is impeccably researched, and he presents conflicting ethical viewpoints so deftly, and without apparent judgement, that you are left plenty of space to imprint your own opinions. So much so that when Solomon shares his own stance on the colonization of Mars in the epilogue, it comes as a bit of a surprise.
In essence, this book lays out a convincing argument that it might be our biology, not our technology, that limits humanity’s expansion to Mars. And if we are able to overcome those limitations, either with purposeful genetic engineering or passive evolutionary change, this could mean we have shed our humanity.
Becoming Martian is one of the best popular-science books I have read within the field, and it is an uplifting read, despite dealing with some of the heaviest ethical questions in space sciences. Whether you’re planning your future as a Martian or just wondering if humans can have sex in space, this book should be on your wish list.
Using incidental data collected by the BepiColombo mission, an international research team has made the first detailed measurements of how coronal mass ejections (CMEs) reduce cosmic-ray intensity at varying distances from the Sun. Led by Gaku Kinoshita at the University of Tokyo, the team hopes that their approach could help improve the accuracy of space weather forecasts following CMEs.
CMEs are dramatic bursts of plasma originating from the Sun’s outer atmosphere. In particularly violent events, this plasma can travel through interplanetary space, sometimes interacting with Earth’s magnetic field to produce powerful geomagnetic storms. These storms result in vivid aurorae in Earth’s polar regions and can also damage electronics on satellites and spacecraft. Extreme storms can even affect electrical grids on Earth.
To prevent such damage, astronomers aim to predict the path and intensity of CME plasma as accurately as possible – allowing endangered systems to be temporarily shut down with minimal disruption. According to Kinoshita’s team, one source of information has so far been largely unexplored.
Pushing back cosmic rays
Within interplanetary space, CME plasma interacts with cosmic rays, which are energetic charged particles of extrasolar origin that permeate the solar system with a roughly steady flux. When an interplanetary CME (ICME) passes by, it temporarily pushes back these cosmic rays, creating a local decrease in their intensity.
“This phenomenon is known as the Forbush decrease effect,” Kinoshita explains. “It can be detected even with relatively simple particle detectors, and reflects the properties and structure of the passing ICME.”
In principle, cosmic-ray observations can provide detailed insights into the physical profile of a passing ICME. But despite their relative ease of detection, Forbush decreases had not yet been observed simultaneously by detectors at multiple distances from the Sun, leaving astronomers unclear on how propagation distance affects their severity.
Now, Kinoshita’s team have explored this spatial relationship using BepiColombo, a European and Japanese mission that will begin orbiting Mercury in November 2026. While the mission focuses on Mercury’s surface, interior, and magnetosphere, it also carries non-scientific equipment capable of monitoring cosmic rays and solar plasma in its surrounding environment.
“Such radiation monitoring instruments are commonly installed on many spacecraft for engineering purposes,” Kinoshita explains. “We developed a method to observe Forbush decreases using a non-scientific radiation monitor onboard BepiColombo.”
Multiple missions
The team combined these measurements with data from specialized radiation-monitoring missions, including ESA’s Solar Orbiter, which is currently probing the inner heliosphere from inside Mercury’s orbit, as well as a network of near-Earth spacecraft. Together, these instruments allowed the researchers to build a detailed, distance-dependent profile of a week-long ICME that occurred in March 2022.
Just as predicted, the measurements revealed a clear relationship between the Forbush decrease effect and distance from the Sun.
“As the ICME evolved, the depth and gradient of its associated cosmic-ray decrease changed accordingly,” Kinoshita says.
With this method now established, the team hopes it can be applied to non-scientific radiation monitors on other missions throughout the solar system, enabling a more complete picture of the distance dependence of ICME effects.
“An improved understanding of ICME propagation processes could contribute to better forecasting of disturbances such as geomagnetic storms, leading to further advances in space weather prediction,” Kinoshita says. In particular, this approach could help astronomers model the paths and intensities of solar plasma as soon as a CME erupts, improving preparedness for potentially damaging events.
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