European regulators greenlight new one-dose compound that could help African countries get rid of an ancient burden

NASA announced major changes to its Artemis lunar architecture, adding a test flight of lunar landers in low Earth orbit while canceling planned upgrades to the Space Launch System.

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If you have ever watched a basketball match, you will know that along with the sound of the ball being bounced, there is also the constant squeaking of shoes as the players move across the court.

Such noise is a common occurrence in everyday life from the scraping of chalk on a blackboard to when brakes are applied on a bicycle.

Physicists in France, Isreal, the UK and the US have now recreated the phenomenon in a lab and discovered that the squeaking is due to a previously unseen mechanism.

Katia Bertoldi from the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and colleagues slid a basketball shoe, or a rubber sample, across a smooth glass plate and used high-speed imaging and audio measurements to analyse the squeak.

Previous studies looking at the effect suggested that “pulses” are created when two materials “stick and slip”, but such studies focused on slow movements, which do not create squeaks.

The team instead found that the noise was not caused by random stick-slip events, but rather deformations of the rubber sole pulsing in bursts, or rippling, across the surface.

In this case, small parts of the sole change shape and lose and regain contact with the surface, with the “ripple” travelling at near supersonic speeds.

The pitch of the squeak even matches the rate of the “bursts”, which is determined by the stiffness and thickness of the shoe sole.

The authors also found that if a soft surface is smooth, the pulses are irregular and produce no sharp sounds, whereas ridged surfaces – like the grip patterns on sports shoes – produce consistent pulse frequencies, resulting in a high-pitched squeak.

In another twist, lab experiments showed that in some instances, the slip pulses are triggered by triboelectric discharges – miniature lightning bolts caused by the friction of the rubber.

Indeed, the physics of these pulses share similar features with fracture fronts in plate tectonics, and so a better understanding the dynamics that occur between two surfaces may offer insights into  friction across a range of systems.

“These results bridge two fields that are traditionally disconnected: the tribology of soft materials and the dynamics of earthquakes,” notes Shmuel Rubinstein from Hebrew University. “Soft friction is usually considered slow, yet we show that the squeak of a sneaker can propagate as fast as, or even faster than, the rupture of a geological fault, and that their physics is strikingly similar.”

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The failure of a propellant tank during testing in January will delay the first launch of Rocket Lab’s Neutron rocket to at least the fourth quarter of this year.

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An international team of researchers has shown that superconductivity can be modified by coupling a superconductor to a dark electromagnetic cavity. The research opens the door to the control of a material’s properties by modifying its electromagnetic environment.

Electronic structure defines many material properties – and this means that some properties can be changed by applying electromagnetic fields. The destruction of superconductivity by a magnetic field and the use of electric fields to control currents in semiconductors are two familiar examples.

There is growing interest in how electronic properties could be controlled by placing a material in a dark electromagnetic cavity that resonates with an electronic transition in that material. In this scenario, an external field is not applied to the material. Rather, interactions occur via quantum vacuum fluctuations within the cavity.

Holy Grail

“The Holy Grail of cavity materials research is to alter the properties of complex materials by engineering the electromagnetic environment,” explains the team – which includes Itai Keren, Tatiana Webb and Dmitri Basov at Columbia University in the US.

They created an optical cavity from a small slab of hexagonal boron nitride. This was interfaced with a slab of κ-ET, which is an organic low-temperature superconductor. The cavity was designed to resonate with an infrared transition in κ-ET involving the vibrational stretching of carbon–carbon bonds.

Hexagonal boron nitride was chosen because it is a hyperbolic van der Waals material. Van der Waals materials are stacks of atomically-thin layers. Atoms are strongly bound within each layer, but the layers are only weakly bound to each other by the van der Waals force. The gaps between layers can act as waveguides, confining light that bounces back and forth within the slab. As a result the slab behaves like an optical cavity with an isofrequency surface is a hyperboloid in momentum space. Such a cavity supports a large number of modes and vacuum fluctuations, which enhances interactions with the superconductor.

Superfluid suppression

The researchers found that the presence of the cavity caused a strong suppression of superfluid density in κ-ET (a superconductor can be thought of as a superfluid of charged particles). The team mapped the superfluid density using magnetic force microscopy. This involved placing a tiny magnetic tip near to the surface of the superconductor. The magnetic field of the tip cannot penetrate into the superconductor (the Meissner effect) and this results in a force on the tip that is related to the superfluid density. They found that the density dropped by as much as 50% near the cavity interface.

The team also investigated the optical properties of the cavity using scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscope (s-SNOM). This involves firing tightly-focused laser light at an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip that is tapping on the surface of the cavity. The scattered light is processed to reveal the near-field component of light from just the region of the cavity below the tip .

The tapping tip creates phonon polaritons in the cavity, which are particle-like excitations that couple lattice vibrations to light. Analysing the near-field light across the cavity confirmed that the carbon stretching mode of κ-ET is coupled to the cavity. Calculations done by the team suggest that cavity coupling reduces the amplitude of the stretching mode vibrations.

Physicists know that superconductivity can arise as a result of interactions between electrons and phonons (lattice vibrations), So, it is possible that the reduction in superfluid density is related to the suppression of stretching-mode vibrations. However, κ-ET is an unconventional superconductor, which means that physicists do not understand the mechanism that causes superconductivity in the material. Further experiments could therefore shed light on the mysteries of unconventional superconductors.

“We are confident that our experiments will prompt further theoretical pursuits,” the team tells Physics World. The researchers also believe that practical applications could be possible. “Our work shows a new path towards the manipulation of superconducting properties.”

The research is described in Nature.

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China will begin its first one-year duration astronaut mission this year, while the first international astronaut will make a short visit to Tiangong space station.

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The study is now scaling up to do more in utero procedures and evaluate effects on disability as children grow

Leaders acknowledge White House role in controversial moves

Discovery sheds new light on how famed astronomer came to lead a scientific revolution

Male Neanderthals tended to pair up with female modern humans, but whether intercourse was consensual is unclear

Officials insist there are no plans to deploy troops in orbit, but commercial infrastructure and cislunar ambitions are reshaping the debate

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Meet a newly described species from Japan, Malagazzia Michelin, once misidentified in field guides before scientists revealed its true identity.

Learn more about Pico-C, a tool that helps reveal the genome's structure during the first days of life. 

Learn how sex-biased interbreeding between Neanderthals and modern humans explains why Neanderthal DNA is largely missing from the X chromosome.

Learn more about the chemical compound oleamide that leaks from plastic pollution and changes octopus meal preferences. 

Learn more about the Old Irish Goat, Ireland’s only indigenous breed that traces its roots back to the Late Bronze Age.

Learn how a new laser-based therapy is giving patients with aggressive brain cancer a stronger chance at survival.

Learn how recycled sewage may help turn moon and Mars soil into fertile ground for growing food in space.

British mobile operator Virgin Media O2 said it started offering satellite-to-smartphone connectivity in the United Kingdom Feb. 26, marking the first commercial deployment of Starlink’s Direct-to-Cell service in Europe.

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Environmental engineer Evens Emmanuel is trying to rebuild a shattered academic system

MILAN – Two of Europe’s largest primes, Airbus and Leonardo, reported increased revenues in their respective space businesses from last year. The results, which were announced earlier this week in separate earnings reports, come as the two companies are in discussions with Thales on a joint venture named Project Bromo. Neither discussed the topic on […]

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Learn how mosquito DNA reveals when malaria-carrying species began targeting early hominins in Southeast Asia.

Later this year, CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and its huge experiments will shutdown for the High Luminosity upgrade. When complete in 2030, the particle-collision rate in the LHC will be increased by a factor of 10 and the experiments will be upgraded so that they can better capture and analyse the results of these collisions. This will allow physicists to study particle interactions at unprecedented precision and could even reveal new physics beyond the Standard Model.

Earlier this year, however, the UK government announced that it will no longer fund the upgrade of the LHCb experiment on the LHC, which is run by a collaboration of more than 1700 physicists worldwide. The UK had promised to contribute about £50 million to the upgrade – which is a significant chunk of the overall cost.

In this episode of the Physics World Weekly podcast I am in conversation with the particle physicist Tim Gershon, who is based at the UK’s University of Warwick. Gershon is spokesperson-elect for the LHCb collaboration and is playing a leading role in the upgrade.

Gershon explains that UK participation and leadership has been crucial for the success of LHCb and cautions that the future of the experiment and the future of UK particle physics have been imperilled by the funding cut.

We also chat about recent discoveries made by LHCb and look forward to what new physics the experiment could find after the upgrade.

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